For example, calcitriol regulates genes involved in estrogen synthesis. These receptors are targeted by the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol = 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D) and produce an array of effects in female reproduction.
In humans, VDR, a member of the nuclear receptor family, is expressed in many female organs, including the ovaries (granulosa cells), uterus (endometrium and myometrium), and placenta. In female reproduction, the importance of vitamin D was initially appreciated in vivo, as mice who were either deficient in vitamin D or lacked the vitamin D receptor (VDR), suffered from underdeveloped uteri and an inability to form normal mature eggs, which in turn lead to infertility. However, data that support a definitive causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and these cancers, as well as, further elucidate the associated benefits of vitamin D supplementation are extremely limited. Indeed, vitamin D’s growing role in human immunity might provide a logical explanation for these disease manifestations. Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with a 30–50% increased risk of colon, prostate, and breast cancer. Many studies have recently investigated the relationship between levels of vitamin D levels and cancer. This is largely attributed to vitamin D’s ability to affect different types of cells by turning genes within these cells “on and off” thereby playing a major role in controlling cellular growth, function, and death. However, a recent body of research strongly indicates that vitamin D’s relevance and significance extend well beyond just keeping bones healthy and strong but rather plays a more pivotal role in the body’s overall health, including its role or lack thereof in chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, autoimmune disease(s), cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Vitamin D is a naturally occurring steroidal hormone whose primary role in the human body is calcium homeostasis, keeping bones healthy and strong. Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey analysis, the overall revalence rate of vitamin D deficiency was 41.6%, with the highest rate detected in blacks (82.1%), followed by Hispanics (69.2%). Over the past decade, a global pandemic of vitamin D deficiency has grown among all racial groups. *Address all correspondence to: 10.5772/64502 From the Edited Volume
Several studies support that vitamin D deficiency constitutes a risk factor for development of many types of cancer such as breast, ovarian, and colorectal. The in vitro antiproliferative and prodifferentiative effect of vitamin D might find a role in control of hyperplastic overactive bladder. The relationship between serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH) D) and pregnancy rates in ART is still debatable, with the need to conduct more clinical trials toward it. Vitamin D deficiency may worse the obstetrical outcomes, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, low birth weight, increased cesarean section rate, neonatal asthma, seizures, and preterm labor.
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Effect of vitamin D supplementation on the metabolic outcomes of polycystic ovary (PCO) has been studied and reveled that it is negatively correlated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, free androgen index, and Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) and positively associated with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and sexual hormone binding globulin (SHBG), whereas its impact on the ovarian function is still unclear. A growing evidence support the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and endometriosis through overexpression of vitamin D recseptor (VDR) and α-hydroxylase enzyme, however, it is still unclear if the endometriosis patients could benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D has an inhibitory effect on leiomyoma cells by suppression of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), BCL-2, BCL-w, CDK1, and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) protein levels. Fibroids are more common among African-American females owing to their decreased milk consumption and reduced absorption of ultraviolet rays, supporting the relation between vitamin D deficiency and fibroid development. Vitamin D deficiency has an impact on the reproduction of more than 40% of reproductive age women globally.